European Union: GDPR

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The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is widely regarded as the gold standard in consumer data rights. Under GDPR, users can:

Request access to data (Right of Access).

Request deletion (Right to Be Forgotten).

Object to processing (Right to Object).

Withdraw consent at any time.

Opt out of automated decision-making and profiling.

A key feature of GDPR is the requirement for explicit, informed vietnam phone number list consent before data collection. This forces companies to be transparent and give users meaningful choices—at least in theory.

However, enforcement varies significantly across EU member states. While large fines have been issued against companies like Meta and Google, smaller firms often escape scrutiny, and dark patterns still manipulate users into consenting.

3. China: PIPL and Data Localization
China's Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) offers protections similar to GDPR but with stricter data localization requirements. Chinese users can:

Know what data is collected.

Correct or delete personal information.

Refuse automated decision-making.

Withdraw consent.

However, the state retains the right to access data for national security and governance purposes. So while companies must allow opt-outs in principle, surveillance by the government is institutionalized.