Which is important for children and adolescents.

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It takes about two hours to print a small bone. So surgeons can do it right in the operating room. This part of the bone is then covered with adult stem cells, which can develop into almost any cell type. This is combined with the printer's bioink - a combination of polylactic acid and alginate - a material that acts as a shock absorber for the cells. The final product is then implanted in the body, where it will completely disappear within three months and be replaced by new bone.

Researchers hope that in the future, "printed" bones can be created that are robust enough for complex spinal reconstruction, and the bone material will be improved to increase its compatibility with cartilage cells.

Cartilage

Successful experiments in 3D printing human cartilage could soon completely replace artificial implants for people who need reconstructive surgery. Back in 2015, scientists in Zurich developed a technology that uruguay number data would allow hospitals to print a complete human nose implant in less than 20 minutes. They believe that any cartilage implant could be manufactured using their method.



Since the implant will be grown from the body's own cells, the risk of rejection will be much lower than for an implant made of silicone. An additional advantage is that the bioimplant grows with the patient,
Skin

If a person's skin is too damaged, healthy skin can be taken from another part of the body and used to replace the damaged skin. But sometimes there is not enough undamaged skin.

Scientists at Wake Forest School of Medicine have successfully designed, built and tested a printer that can print human skin cells directly onto a burn wound. The scanner precisely measures the size and depth of the damage. This information is then fed to the printer, which then prints the skin directly onto the wound. Unlike traditional skin grafts, only a small piece of human skin is needed to grow enough cells to print. The technology is still in the experimental phase, but the researchers hope to have it widely available within the next five years.

As mentioned, 3D printers print in layers. Since human skin is a multilayered organ with a variety of cell types, it is well suited for this type of technology. However, researchers still have many challenges to overcome. Like most parts of the body, skin is more complex than it first appears — it has nerve endings, blood vessels, and a host of other aspects that need to be considered.