United States: A Patchwork of Regulations California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)

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The CCPA, and its amendment the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), is currently the most robust consumer data privacy law in the U.S. It allows California residents to:

Know what data is being collected.

Request deletion of personal data.

Opt-out of the sale of personal data.

Sue companies for data breaches or mishandling of data.

Despite its strengths, the law only applies to California vietnam phone number list residents, and enforcement is still developing. Moreover, the definition of "sale" can be manipulated—companies may claim they "share" data instead.

Do Not Track (DNT) – A Failed Standard
The DNT mechanism was supposed to give users a browser-level option to stop tracking. However, it failed due to lack of legal enforcement and industry buy-in. Today, it serves as a cautionary tale of what happens when regulation has no teeth.

Telecom-Specific Rules
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires carriers to protect Customer Proprietary Network Information (CPNI). But this protection is narrow, covering only certain kinds of data, like call logs or billing info—not broader app or device data.